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Definition
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Teaching
methods in which students are encouraged to discover principles
for themselves.
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Teaching
method in which the teacher structures the learning situation
to select materials that are appropriate for students and then
presents them in well-organized lessons that progress from generic
to specific details.
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Teacher
guides instruction, so that students will master and internalize
the skills that permit higher cognitive functioning.
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Principles
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- Top-down: start with complex
problem and work out or discover basic skills to solve
- Cooperative learning
- Experimentation
- Open-ended problems
- Learn on own through active
involvement with concepts and principles
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- Teacher structures learning
situation
- Expository teaching
- Students actively involved in
learning process
- Use of prior knowledge for new
learning
- Knowledge continually changes
once “inside” the learner’s minds
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Individuals
construct knowledge by working to solve realistic problems, usually
in collaboration with others.
Learning
as a change in meaning constructed from experience.
Individual
interpretation of experience vs. objective representation (information
processing perspective)
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Applications
for Instruction
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1.
Encourage independence
in early school career
2.
Encourage students
to solve problems on own or in groups
3.
Learning should
be flexible and exploratory
4.
Arouse children’s
curiosity
5.
Minimize risk
of failure
6.
Relevant learning
7.
Return to important
concepts
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1.
Incoming information
must be integrated into what students already know
2.
Teachers should
use a deductive teaching approach
3.
Organize instruction
beforehand: general concepts first then move to inclusive details
4.
plan brief class
discussions before new material is presented so students can share
important background information
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1.
Pose "good"
problems - realistically complex and personally meaningful.
2.
Create group
learning activities.
3.
Model and guide
the knowledge construction process.
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